Robotic Science

India's first humanoid robot was named "MANAV" and was developed by a team of scientists at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) in 2008. MANAV was designed to resemble a human and was capable of mimicking human actions such as walking, talking, and even dancing. It was developed to assist astronauts in space missions and was seen as a major step forward for Indian robotics. Since then, India has continued to make significant advancements in the field of robotics and is home to several world-class research institutions and companies that are developing cutting-edge robotics technology.

Robotic science is the interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on the design, development, and application of robots. It includes various subfields such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, artificial intelligence, and control engineering.

Robotics scientists work to create robots that can perform a variety of tasks, such as manufacturing, assembly, exploration, transportation, and even social interactions. They also study the behavior and cognition of robots, including their ability to learn, reason, and adapt to changing environments.

One of the main goals of robotic science is to create intelligent and autonomous robots that can operate independently without human intervention. This involves developing sophisticated algorithms, sensors, and actuators that enable robots to perceive their environment and make decisions based on that information.

The applications of robotics are diverse and constantly expanding. Robots are used in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and agriculture. They are also used in space exploration, military operations, and disaster response. In addition, robotics is increasingly being applied to assistive technologies and social robotics, which involves designing robots to interact with humans in various social and emotional contexts.

Robotic Technology Definition

Robotic technology is a field of engineering that involves the design, development, and application of robots. A robot is a machine that is capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or with human assistance. Robotic technology encompasses a range of disciplines, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence.

Robots are typically equipped with sensors, processors, and actuators that allow them to perceive their environment, process information, and take actions. They can be programmed to perform tasks that are repetitive, hazardous, or require high precision. Robots are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, and agriculture, to increase productivity, efficiency, and safety.

Robotic technology has also expanded to include social robotics, which focuses on designing robots to interact with humans in various social and emotional contexts. This includes applications such as education, entertainment, and healthcare.

As robotic technology continues to advance, there is increasing interest in the development of autonomous robots that can operate without human intervention. However, there are also ethical and social implications associated with the use of such advanced robotic technology.

                                           History Of Robotics Technology

The history of robotics technology can be traced back to ancient times, where inventors and engineers designed machines to automate tasks such as weaving and milling. However, the modern development of robotics technology began in the 20th century with the invention of the first programmable robot.

Here are some key milestones in the history of robotics technology:

1921: Czech writer Karel Capek introduced the term "robot" in his play "Rossum's Universal Robots".

1937: The first robot was invented by British scientist Alan Turing. It was designed to play chess and was called the "Turbo-Champion Chess Machine".

1954: George Devol and Joseph Engelberger invented the first programmable robot, the Unimate, which was used in the manufacturing industry.

1961: The first industrial robot, the Unimate, was installed in a General Motors factory in New Jersey.

1970s: The development of microprocessors and computer-controlled systems led to the creation of smaller and more affordable robots.

1980s: Robots were used in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics.

1990s: The development of advanced sensors, artificial intelligence, and robotics technology led to the creation of more sophisticated robots, such as autonomous vehicles and humanoid robots.

2000s: Robotics technology continued to evolve, with the development of drones, social robots, and robots for medical applications.

Today, robotics technology is used in a wide range of industries and applications, from manufacturing and healthcare to agriculture and transportation. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and beneficial uses of robotics in the future

These top 10 amazing and technological robots are proven to be effective at simple tasks and jobs

Robots are fast transforming the days of our lives with smart functionalities and protection capabilities. Tech-driven countries are focused on manufacturing different kinds of robots for industrial use, personal use, household use, business use, and many more. The global robotics market size is expected to hit US$189.36 billion in 2027 with a CAGR of 13.5%. This article features the top 10 most amazing technological robots in 2023.

Robear

Robotics has contributed immensely to the field of healthcare. One such innovation is Robear, a high-tech teddy bear that aims to help raise an elderly person from a bed to a wheelchair. No wonder why this robot is all set to make a mark in the healthcare industry.

AIBO

Meet AIBO – an adorable robot dog that was brought into existence by Sony. This robot was discontinued almost a decade ago. However, it has now come back with even more abilities for human operations. This mechanical pup reacts to words of praise or scratches on the head, can learn tricks, and will seek out owners. One point that cannot go unnoticed is that it has an application that owners can use to adjust system settings or add new tricks, and can store memories by connecting to the internet cloud.

RP Vita

What can get better than a feature wherein multiple medical specialists and caregivers collaborate in real-time? This is exactly what RP Vita has in store for you. With this robot, there is now access to holistic care that is difficult to find in most medical facilities. This robot is already being used in a significant number of hospitals and in no time will mark its presence everywhere.

Hadrian X

Hadrian X is a building robot that is in charge of all brick loading, chopping, routing, and installation. The robot, created by Fastbrick Robotics in Australia, employs FBR’s dynamic stabilization tech, which adjusts to ambient variables in real time, allowing precision robots in large-scale outdoor tasks. 

Ocean Robot

The ocean is a vital aspect of our existence, and we have no idea what lurks under its surface. The introduction of high-tech ocean robots, on the other hand, has made it feasible to explore ocean depths. Eelume, a Norwegian firm has created the Eelume EELY500, a high-tech marine robot. It’s made for underwater inspection and repair in industrial environments. 

Saul Robot

Saul Robot is a robot that shoots strong pulses of very energetic UV rays at the Ebola virus, melting it into worthless bits of genetic material. When effective therapies for this illness were in short supply, the Air Force utilized this robotic equipment to eradicate the infection in rooms where relief workers were quarantined. 

Paro

Dr. Takanori Shibata created the therapeutic robot. Paro is controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) and alters its behavior in response to a variety of sensors for monitoring light, sound, temperature, and touch. This robot is designed to help caregivers and patients communicate more efficiently and reduce stress. 

Pepper

Pepper is a semi-humanoid robot that adjusts its behavior based on the moods of the people around it. The robot, created by SoftBank Robotics, detects and responds to emotional states such as grief, surprise, excitement, and rage naturally and appropriately. Pepper detects noises with multi-directional sensors. 

Robotic Vacuum Cleaner

Robotic vacuum cleaners are floor-cleaning devices with sophisticated programming. They are easier to use since they are self-cleaning. Robotic vacuum cleaners may be stored beneath beds, tables, and closets, but a normal vacuum cleaner takes more room. For example, iRobot’s Roomba is the smartest and most efficient robot vacuum. 

Asus Zenbo

The Asus Zenbo is a low-cost robot that can roll around on its own and accepts voice directions. It’s made to assist people to remember things like exercise and medication routines, as well as doctor’s visits. This robot can also monitor its surroundings and link to smart home elements such as surveillance cameras, lighting, and door locks to identify any emergencies.

Solid State Drive

 Solid State Drive definition

A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a type of data storage device that uses NAND-based flash memory to store data electronically. Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), SSDs have no moving parts and instead use integrated circuits to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. This makes SSDs faster, more durable, and less prone to mechanical failure compared to HDDs. SSDs come in various sizes and interfaces, such as 2.5-inch SATA, M.2, and PCIe, and are used in a wide range of devices, including computers, laptops, servers, gaming consoles, and more.

Solid State Drive

A Solid State Drive (SSD) is a type of storage device that uses NAND-based flash memory to store data. It is a non-volatile memory technology, meaning that it retains data even when the power is turned off.

Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), SSDs have no moving parts, which makes them more durable, faster, and less prone to mechanical failure. They are also more energy-efficient, generate less heat, and produce less noise.

SSDs come in different form factors and interfaces, such as 2.5-inch SATA, M.2, and PCIe, and are used in a variety of devices, including laptops, desktops, servers, and gaming consoles. They typically have lower storage capacities compared to HDDs but make up for it with faster read and write speeds,

History Of Solid State Drive

The history of Solid State Drives (SSDs) dates back to the 1970s, although the technology has evolved significantly since then. Here's a brief overview of the key milestones in the history of SSDs:

1976: The first commercial SSD was introduced by StorageTek, which used NAND flash memory chips.

1982: The first DRAM-based SSD was developed by Dataram.

1989: The first flash-based SSD was developed by SanDisk, which used a 20MB flash chip.

1991: Sun Microsystems introduced the first SSD-based computer workstation, the Sun-4c.

1995: M-Systems introduced the first USB flash drive, which used NAND flash memory.

1999: SanDisk introduced the first solid-state digital audio player, the Digital Audio Player.

2007: Apple introduced the MacBook Air, which was the first laptop to use SSDs as standard storage.

2008: Intel introduced the first consumer-grade SSD, the Intel X25-M, which used 34nm NAND flash memory.

2010: SSD prices began to decline, making them more affordable for consumers and businesses.

2015: Samsung introduced the first 2TB consumer-grade SSD, the Samsung 850 EVO.

2017: Intel introduced the first consumer-grade NVMe SSD, the Intel 600p, which used PCIe technology for faster data transfer speeds.

2018: Toshiba introduced the first 100TB SSD, the Toshiba XS700 Series, which used 3D NAND flash memory.

Today, SSDs are widely used in a variety of devices, including computers, laptops, smartphones, gaming consoles, and more. They are known for their fast data transfer speeds, reliability, and durability, making them a popular choice for consumers and businesses alike.

Types Of Solid State Drive :

There are several types of Solid State Drives (SSDs) available in the market today. Some of the most common types of SSDs are:

SATA SSDs: These SSDs use the same interface as traditional hard disk drives, making them compatible with most computer systems. SATA SSDs are available in various sizes, including 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch form factors.

M.2 SSDs: These are smaller and more compact SSDs that connect directly to the motherboard of a computer or laptop. M.2 SSDs are available in different lengths and widths, including 2242, 2260, and 2280 sizes.

NVMe SSDs: NVMe stands for Non-Volatile Memory Express, which is a protocol designed specifically for SSDs. NVMe SSDs use PCIe technology to provide faster data transfer speeds compared to SATA SSDs. NVMe SSDs are typically more expensive than SATA SSDs but offer higher performance.

PCIe SSDs: These SSDs use the PCIe interface to connect to the motherboard of a computer or server, providing even faster data transfer speeds compared to SATA and NVMe SSDs. PCIe SSDs are commonly used in high-performance computing systems and workstations.

External SSDs: These SSDs are portable and can be connected to a computer using USB or Thunderbolt interfaces. External SSDs are a popular choice for users who need to transfer large amounts of data quickly and frequently between different devices.

Overall, each type of SSD offers its unique advantages and disadvantages, and choosing the right type of SSD depends on the user's specific needs and requirements.

Brands Of Solid State Drive

There are several brands of Solid State Drives (SSDs) available in the market today. Some of the most popular and well-known brands include:

Samsung: Samsung is a leading brand in the SSD market, offering a wide range of SATA, M.2, NVMe, and PCIe SSDs. Samsung SSDs are known for their high performance, reliability, and endurance.

Western Digital (WD): WD is a well-known brand in the storage industry, offering a range of SSDs, including SATA, NVMe, and PCIe SSDs. WD SSDs are known for their high-speed data transfer rates and reliability.

Kingston: Kingston is a popular brand in the memory and storage industry, offering a range of SSDs, including SATA, NVMe, and external SSDs. Kingston SSDs are known for their affordability, performance, and reliability.

Crucial: Crucial is a brand of Micron Technology, offering a range of SSDs, including SATA, NVMe, and portable SSDs. Crucial SSDs are known for their high-speed data transfer rates and reliability.

SanDisk: SanDisk is a well-known brand in the memory and storage industry, offering a range of SSDs, including SATA, NVMe, and portable SSDs. SanDisk SSDs are known for their affordability, performance, and reliability.

Other popular brands of SSDs include Intel, Seagate, Toshiba, and Adata, among others. Ultimately, choosing the right brand of SSD depends on the user's specific needs and requirements, including performance, storage capacity, and budget.

Is Solid State Drive better than Hard Disk Drive ?

Solid State Drives (SSDs) are generally considered to be better than Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in terms of performance, durability, and speed. Here are some reasons why:

Speed: SSDs are much faster than HDDs, as they don't have any moving parts. This means that they can access and transfer data much more quickly, resulting in faster boot and load times, and overall system performance.

Durability: SSDs are more durable than HDDs, as they are not as susceptible to physical damage from drops or bumps. Additionally, since they don't have any moving parts, they are less likely to fail due to mechanical issues.

Power consumption: SSDs consume less power than HDDs, as they don't have to spin any disks or move any read/write heads. This means that they can help to extend the battery life of laptops and mobile devices.

Noise: SSDs are virtually silent, as they don't have any moving parts. In contrast, HDDs can be quite loud due to the sound of the spinning disks and read/write heads.

Reliability: SSDs are generally more reliable than HDDs, as they are less prone to data corruption and file fragmentation.

While HDDs may still offer more storage capacity at a lower price per gigabyte, SSDs have become increasingly popular due to their superior performance and durability. As technology continues to advance, the price of SSDs is likely to continue to decline, making them a more affordable option for consumers and businesses.

How is Solid State Drive?

A Solid State Drive (SSD) uses NAND-based flash memory technology to store data, which is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when the power is turned off. Here's how an SSD works:

Data is stored in NAND flash memory chips, which are interconnected and organized into pages and blocks.

When data needs to be read from or written to the SSD, the controller chip in the SSD manages the data flow and transfers data between the computer's processor and the NAND flash memory chips.

To write data, the controller chip sends an electrical charge to the appropriate cells in the NAND flash memory, which changes the voltage level of the cells and stores the data.

To read data, the controller chip reads the voltage levels of the cells in the NAND flash memory, which indicates the stored data.

The controller chip also performs other functions, such as wear leveling (which distributes write operations evenly across the NAND flash memory to prevent premature wear), error correction (which detects and corrects errors in the stored data), and garbage collection (which removes data that is no longer needed and frees up space for new data).

Overall, SSDs offer several advantages over traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), including faster read and write speeds, lower power consumption, and increased durability and reliability. As a result, they have become increasingly popular in recent years, and are now commonly used in laptops, desktop computers, servers, and other computing devices.

 

A Solid State Drive (SSD) uses NAND-based flash memory technology to store data, which is a type of non-volatile storage that retains data even when the power is turned off. Here's how an SSD works:

Data is stored in NAND flash memory chips, which are interconnected and organized into pages and blocks.

When data needs to be read from or written to the SSD, the controller chip in the SSD manages the data flow and transfers data between the computer's processor and the NAND flash memory chips.

To write data, the controller chip sends an electrical charge to the appropriate cells in the NAND flash memory, which changes the voltage level of the cells and stores the data.

To read data, the controller chip reads the voltage levels of the cells in the NAND flash memory, which indicates the stored data.

The controller chip also performs other functions, such as wear leveling (which distributes write operations evenly across the NAND flash memory to prevent premature wear), error correction (which detects and corrects errors in the stored data), and garbage collection (which removes data that is no longer needed and frees up space for new data).

Overall, SSDs offer several advantages over traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), including faster read and write speeds, lower power consumption, and increased durability and reliability. As a result, they have become increasingly popular in recent years, and are now commonly used in laptops, desktop computers, servers, and other computing devices.

Why Solid State Drive ?

There are several reasons why you might choose to use a Solid State Drive (SSD) instead of a traditional Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

Speed: SSDs are much faster than HDDs, as they don't have any moving parts. This means that they can access and transfer data much more quickly, resulting in faster boot and load times, and overall system performance.

Durability: SSDs are more durable than HDDs, as they are not as susceptible to physical damage from drops or bumps. Additionally, since they don't have any moving parts, they are less likely to fail due to mechanical issues.

Power consumption: SSDs consume less power than HDDs, as they don't have to spin any disks or move any read/write heads. This means that they can help to extend the battery life of laptops and mobile devices.

Noise: SSDs are virtually silent, as they don't have any moving parts. In contrast, HDDs can be quite loud due to the sound of the spinning disks and read/write heads.

Reliability: SSDs are generally more reliable than HDDs, as they are less prone to data corruption and file fragmentation.

Size and weight: SSDs are typically smaller and lighter than HDDs, making them a good choice for laptops and other portable devices where space and weight are at a premium.

Overall, SSDs are a great choice for anyone who wants faster, more reliable, and more durable storage for their computer or mobile device. While they may be more expensive than HDDs, the performance benefits and increased reliability can be well worth the investment.

Processors

Processors, also known as central processing units (CPUs), are the "brain" of a computer or electronic device. They are responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations, making them essential for running software applications and performing tasks on a computer or device.

Processors are made up of a complex array of components, including a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit, cache memory, and registers. They use a clock signal to synchronize their operations and execute instructions stored in memory.

The speed of a processor is measured in clock cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). The faster the clock speed, the more instructions a processor can execute in a given amount of time. The clock speed, along with the number of cores, cache size, and other factors, determines the overall performance of a processor.

There are several types of processors, including:

Desktop processors: These are high-performance processors used in desktop computers for gaming, video editing, and other demanding applications.

Mobile processors: These are low-power processors used in laptops, tablets, and smartphones. They are designed for longer battery life and lower power consumption.

Server processors: These are high-performance processors used in servers for data processing, virtualization, and other enterprise-level applications.

Embedded processors: These are specialized processors used in embedded systems such as automobiles, medical devices, and industrial equipment.

There are also several companies that produce processors, including Intel, AMD, ARM, and IBM. Each company has its own architecture and design for processors, which can impact their performance, power consumption, and features.

Processor Types and Brands

1. Shakti Processor:

Shakti Processor is a family of open-source processors designed by the RISE Group at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT-M). The Shakti family of processors is designed for various applications, including mobile, embedded, and server-class computing. The processors are based on the RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), which is an open standard instruction set architecture designed for modern microprocessors.

The Shakti processors are designed with an emphasis on energy efficiency, performance, and security. The processors are designed to be highly scalable, and they support a wide range of software and hardware interfaces, making them suitable for a variety of applications.

The Shakti family of processors includes various processors, including E-Class (embedded), C-Class (controller), I-Class (internet of things), and M-Class (mobile) processors. These processors are designed to cater to different application domains, including Internet of Things (IoT), automotive, defense, and aerospace applications.

The development of the Shakti processors is part of the Indian government's "Make in India" initiative, which aims to encourage the development and production of indigenous products in India. The open-source nature of the processors allows for customization and localization of the processor design to meet specific needs and requirements.

2. Arm Processor:

ARM (Advanced RISC Machines) is a family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures for computer processors. ARM processors are designed and licensed by ARM Holdings, a company that develops and licenses the technology to various semiconductor manufacturers who then produce the actual chips.

ARM processors are known for their energy efficiency, low power consumption, and scalability, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including mobile devices, embedded systems, and servers. They are widely used in smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices because of their low power consumption, which results in longer battery life.

ARM processors are also used in servers, particularly in the data center, where their energy efficiency and scalability make them ideal for running large-scale workloads.

ARM processors are available in various configurations, from simple microcontrollers to powerful multi-core processors. The architecture is designed to be modular, allowing manufacturers to add or remove features and components as needed for specific applications.

ARM processors are used in a variety of operating systems, including Android, iOS, and Windows. The ARM architecture is licensed to semiconductor manufacturers such as Qualcomm, Samsung, and Nvidia, who then produce ARM-based chips for various devices. Overall, ARM processors are known for their performance, power efficiency, and versatility, making them a popular choice for many different applications.

3. Intel Processor:

Intel processors are a family of x86-based(32-bit) microprocessors manufactured by Intel Corporation. They are widely used in personal computers, servers, and other computing devices, and are known for their high performance and reliability.

Intel processors are based on the x86 architecture, which was first introduced in 1978 with the Intel 8086 processor. The x86 architecture has since evolved and is now used in most personal computers and servers.

Intel produces a range of processors for different computing needs. These include desktop processors such as the Intel Core i7, i5, and i3 processors, which are designed for high-performance computing and gaming. Intel also produces mobile processors such as the Intel Core and Intel Atom processors, which are used in laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

In addition to their high performance, Intel processors are also known for their advanced features, such as Hyper-Threading, which allows a single processor core to handle multiple threads simultaneously, and Turbo Boost, which dynamically adjusts the processor's clock speed to improve performance.

Intel processors are also widely used in servers, where they are known for their scalability and reliability. Intel produces server processors such as the Intel Xeon processor family, which are designed for enterprise-level computing applications.

Overall, Intel processors are known for their high performance, advanced features, and reliability, making them a popular choice for a wide range of computing applications.

4. 64-Bit Processors:

x64 processors are a type of processor architecture based on the x86 instruction set, which is used in most personal computers and servers. The x64 architecture is also known as AMD64 or Intel 64, depending on the manufacturer.

x64 processors are 64-bit processors, which means they can process more data at once compared to 32-bit processors. They can handle larger amounts of memory, which is beneficial for applications that require a lot of memory, such as video editing and gaming.

x64 processors are backward-compatible with 32-bit applications, which means they can run both 32-bit and 64-bit software. However, 32-bit applications may not run as efficiently on a 64-bit system as they do on a 32-bit system.

x64 processors are used in a wide range of computing devices, including desktops, laptops, servers, and workstations. They are known for their high performance and advanced features, such as Hyper-Threading and Turbo Boost, which allow for improved performance and efficiency.

Some popular x64 processors include the Intel Core i7, i5, and i3 processors, as well as the AMD Ryzen and Threadripper processors. Overall, x64 processors are a popular choice for high-performance computing applications, such as gaming, video editing, and scientific computing.

BharOs

BharOS is a mobile operating system designed by IIT Madras. It is an Indian government-funded project to develop a free and open-source operating system (OS) for use in government and public systems. The Indian Express said it appears to be a forked version of Android. Since "BharOS can run most apps" it is presumably based on the Android Open Source Project.

History

Google is facing a crackdown from the Competition Commission of India (CCI) for its practices pertaining to its Android mobile operating system. There have been several demands for the need for an Indian app store that does not levy exorbitant fees for sales. The BharOS project aims to reduce the dependence on foreign operating systems in smartphones and promote the use of locally developed technology. It was developed by JandK Operations Private Limited (JandKops), which was incubated at IIT Madras. Minister for telecommunications and information technology Ashwini Vaishnaw and education minister Dharmendra Pradhan launched the operating system in a public event.

Features

BharOS targets security-conscious groups. BharOS does not come with any preinstalled services or apps. This approach gives the user more freedom and control over the permissions that are available to apps on their device. Users can choose to grant permissions only to apps that they require to access certain features or data on their device. The software can be installed on commercially available handsets, providing users with a secure environment, the company stated in a statement. The new operating system will provide access to trusted apps via organisation-specific Private App Store Services (PASS), which is a list of curated apps that meet security and privacy standards. Security updates and bug fixes will be automatically installed rather than users having to manually check for updates and install them.

Is BharOS based on Android?

BharOS is a new Android fork with a focus on security developed in India Comments. Anonymous, 25 Jan 2023 Better our government than some foreign companies or governments It's better for foreign government to hold your data rather than your own.

Is BharOS better than Android?

BharOS is also based on Linux Kernel, it is similar to Android but with few changes like it does not come with preloaded apps. BharOS gives user the flexibility to choose apps that they want rather than forcing them to use any app.

How is BharOS?

BharOS is an AOSP (Android Open-Source Project)-based operating system that is a government-funded project in India. It doesn't have default Google apps or services like Android has, so users won't be pressured to choose programs they don't know or don't trust.

Why BharOS?

BharOS is an Indian government-funded project to develop a free and open-source operating system (OS). The project aims to reduce the dependence on foreign OS in smartphones and promote the use of locally developed technology. BharOS comes with No Default Apps (NDA). This means that there are no default apps.

Electric Vehicle

 An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or it can be powered autonomously by a battery (sometimes charged by solar panels, or by converting fuel to electricity using fuel cells or a generator). EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft. For road vehicles, together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, EVs form a future mobility vision called Connected, Autonomous, Shared and Electric (CASE) Mobility.

EVs first came into existence in the late 19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Internal combustion engines were the dominant propulsion method for cars and trucks for about 100 years, but electric power remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

Government incentives to increase adoption were first introduced in the late 2000s, including in the United States and the European Union, leading to a growing market for the vehicles in the 2010s. Increasing public interest and awareness and structural incentives, such as those being built into the green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, is expected to greatly increase the electric vehicle market. During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdowns have reduced the amount of greenhouse gases from gasoline or diesel vehicles. The International Energy Agency said in 2021 that governments should do more to meet climate goals, including policies for heavy electric vehicles.Electric vehicle sales may increase from 2% of global share in 2016 to 30% by 2030. As of July 2022 global EV market size was $280 billion and it is expected to grow to $1 trillion by 2026. Much of this growth is expected in markets like North America, Europe and China; a 2020 literature review suggested that growth in use of electric 4-wheeled vehicles appears economically unlikely in developing economies, but that electric 2-wheeler growth is likely. There are more 2 and 3 wheel EVs than any other type.

History

Electric motive power started in 1827, when Hungarian priest Ányos Jedlik built the first crude but viable electric motor, which used a stator, rotor, and commutator; and the next year he used it to power a small car. In 1835, professor Sibrandus Stratingh of the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands, built a small-scale electric car, and sometime between 1832 and 1839, Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. American blacksmith and inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by a primitive electric motor, in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.

The first mass-produced electric vehicles appeared in America in the early 1900s. In 1902, the Studebaker Automobile Company entered the automotive business with electric vehicles, though it also entered the gasoline vehicles market in 1904. However, with the advent of cheap assembly line cars by Ford Motor Company, the popularity of electric cars declined significantly.

Due to lack of electricity grids and the limitations of storage batteries at that time, electric cars did not gain much popularity; however, electric trains gained immense popularity due to their economies and achievable speeds. By the 20th century, electric rail transport became commonplace due to advances in the development of electric locomotives. Over time their general-purpose commercial use reduced to specialist roles as platform trucks, forklift trucks, ambulances, tow tractors, and urban delivery vehicles, such as the iconic British milk float. For most of the 20th century, the UK was the world's largest user of electric road vehicles.

Vehicle types

It is generally possible to equip any kind of vehicle with an electric power-train.

Ground vehicles

Pure-electric vehicles

See also: Electric car and Battery electric vehicle

A pure-electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is powered exclusively through electric motors. The electricity may come from a battery (battery electric vehicle), solar panel (solar vehicle) or fuel cell (fuel cell vehicle).

Hybrid EVs

This section is an excerpt from Hybrid electric vehicle.[edit]

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types and the degree to which each function as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors), buses, boats and aircraft also exist.

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored in a battery or supercapacitor. Some varieties of HEV use an internal combustion engine to turn an electrical generator, which either recharges the vehicle's batteries or directly powers its electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–generator.[49] Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces lower tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car since the hybrid's gasoline engine is usually smaller than that of a gasoline-powered vehicle. If the engine is not used to drive the car directly, it can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.

There are different ways that a hybrid electric vehicle can combine the power from an electric motor and the internal combustion engine. The most common type is a parallel hybrid that connects the engine and the electric motor to the wheels through mechanical coupling. In this scenario, the electric motor and the engine can drive the wheels directly. Series hybrids only use the electric motor to drive the wheels and can often be referred to as extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) or range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs). There are also series-parallel hybrids where the vehicle can be powered by the engine working alone, the electric motor on its own, or by both working together; this is designed so that the engine can run at its optimum range as often as possible.[50]

Plug-in electric vehicle

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicle

See also: Plug-in hybrid and Electric car

Togg C-SUV produced by Togg, a Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing EVs.

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the electricity stored in the Rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels. PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

Range-extended electric vehicle

A range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) is a vehicle powered by an electric motor and a plug-in battery. An auxiliary combustion engine is used only to supplement battery charging and not as the primary source of power.

On- and off-road EVs

An electric powertrain used by Power Vehicle Innovation for trucks or buses

On-road electric vehicles include electric cars, electric trolleybuses, electric buses, battery electric buses, electric trucks, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles and scooters, personal transporters, neighborhood electric vehicles, golf carts, milk floats, and forklifts. Off-road vehicles include electrified all-terrain vehicles and tractors.

Railborne EVs

Main article: Railway electrification system

A streetcar (or tram) in Hanover drawing current from a single overhead wire through a pantograph

The fixed nature of a rail line makes it relatively easy to power EVs through permanent overhead lines or electrified third rails, eliminating the need for heavy onboard batteries. Electric locomotives, electric multiple units, electric trams (also called streetcars or trolleys), electric light rail systems, and electric rapid transit are all in common use today, especially in Europe and Asia.

Since electric trains do not need to carry a heavy internal combustion engine or large batteries, they can have very good power-to-weight ratios. This allows high speed trains such as France's double-deck TGVs to operate at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph) or higher, and electric locomotives to have a much higher power output than diesel locomotives. In addition, they have higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration, and using regenerative brakes can put braking power back into the electrical grid rather than wasting it.

Maglev trains are also nearly always EVs.

There are also battery electric passenger trains operating on non-electrified rail lines.

Space rover vehicles

Main article: Rover (space exploration)

Manned and unmanned vehicles have been used to explore the Moon and other planets in the Solar System. On the last three missions of the Apollo program in 1971 and 1972, astronauts drove silver-oxide battery-powered Lunar Roving Vehicles distances up to 35.7 kilometers (22.2 mi) on the lunar surface. Unmanned, solar-powered rovers have explored the Moon and Mars.

Airborne EVs

Electric aircraft

Mars helicopter Ingenuity

Since the beginnings of aviation, electric power for aircraft has received a great deal of experimentation. Currently, flying electric aircraft include manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Seaborne EVs

See also: Submarine § Propulsion, Ship § Propulsion systems, and electric boat

Oceanvolt SD8.6 electric saildrive motor

Electric boats were popular around the turn of the 20th century. Interest in quiet and potentially renewable marine transportation has steadily increased since the late 20th century, as solar cells have given motorboats the infinite range of sailboats. Electric motors can and have also been used in sailboats instead of traditional diesel engines. Electric ferries operate routinely. Submarines use batteries (charged by diesel or gasoline engines at the surface), nuclear power, fuel cells or Stirling engines to run electric motor-driven propellers.

Electrically powered spacecraft

Main article: Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion

Electric power has a long history of use in spacecraft. The power sources used for spacecraft are batteries, solar panels and nuclear power. Current methods of propelling a spacecraft with electricity include the arcjet rocket, the electrostatic ion thruster, the Hall-effect thruster, and Field Emission Electric Propulsion.

Energy and motors

A trolleybus uses two overhead wires to provide electric current supply and return to the power source.

Most large electric transport systems are powered by stationary sources of electricity that are directly connected to the vehicles through wires. Electric traction allows the use of regenerative braking, in which the motors are used as brakes and become generators that transform the motion of, usually, a train into electrical power that is then fed back into the lines. This system is particularly advantageous in mountainous operations, as descending vehicles can produce a large portion of the power required for those ascending. This regenerative system is only viable if the system is large enough to utilise the power generated by descending vehicles.

In the systems above, motion is provided by a rotary electric motor. However, it is possible to "unroll" the motor to drive directly against a special matched track. These linear motors are used in maglev trains which float above the rails supported by magnetic levitation. This allows for almost no rolling resistance of the vehicle and no mechanical wear and tear of the train or track. In addition to the high-performance control systems needed, switching and curving of the tracks becomes difficult with linear motors, which to date has restricted their operations to high-speed point to point services.

Technology and Science

 

Technology Definition 

Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a reproducible way. The word technology may also mean the product of such an endeavor, such as physical objects like utensils or machines and intangible tools such as software. Technology plays a critical role in science, engineering, and human daily life.

Many technological advancements have led to societal changes. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used in the prehistoric era, followed by fire use, which contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language in the Ice Age. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age enabled wider travel and the creation of more complex machines. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have lowered communication barriers and ushered in the knowledge economy.

While technology contributes to economic development and human prosperity, it can also have negative impacts like pollution or resource depletion, or cause social harms like technological unemployment caused by automation. As a result, philosophical and political debates have arisen over the role and use of technology, the ethics of technology, and the mitigation of technology's potential downsides.

Philosophy

Philosophy of technology is a branch of philosophy that studies the "practice of designing and creating artifacts", and the "nature of the things so created. "It emerged as a discipline over the past two centuries, and has grown "considerably" since the 1970s.The humanities philosophy of technology is concerned with the "meaning of technology for, and its impact on, society and culture".

Initially, technology was seen as an extension of the human organism that replicated or amplified bodily and mental faculties. Marx framed it as a tool used by capitalists to oppress the proletariat, but believe technology would be a fundamentally liberating force once it was "freed from societal deformations". Second-wave philosophers like Ortega later shifted their focus from economics and politics to "daily life and living in a techno-material culture," arguing that technology could oppress "even the members of the bourgeoisie who were its ostensible masters and possessors." Third-stage philosophers like Don Ihde and Albert Borgmann represent a turn toward de-generalization and empiricism, and considered how humans can learn to live with technology.

Early scholarship on technology was split between two arguments: technological determinism, and social construction. Technological determinism is the idea that technologies cause unavoidable social changes. It usually encompasses a related argument, technological autonomy, which asserts that technological progress follows a natural progression and cannot be prevented. Social constructivists[who?] argue that technologies follow no natural progression, and are shaped by cultural values, laws, politics, and economic incentives. Modern scholarship has shifted towards an analysis of sociotechnical systems, "assemblages of things, people, practices, and meanings", looking at the value judgments that shape technology.

Most technology area depends on computer science & Computer Science

as define below:-

Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, information theory, and automation) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software).Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming.

After Computer Science we reach over Computer Operating System And that's define as below:-

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.

For Example Operating Systems Are:-

Windows 7

Windows 10

Windows 10 was first released as a preview on October 1, 2014, and the final version was released to the public on July 29, 2015.

Mac OS

macOS is a Unix operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers.

Linux

Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991